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Open Access
Prenatal care in urban China: Qualitative study on challenges and coping mechanisms
(SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, 2024) Nagao, Haruka
This study aims to identify challenges that women face in accessing prenatal care services in urban China and their coping mechanisms to deal with the challenges. We conducted semi-structured interviews in June and July in 2019 with 38 women who had experience of childbirth within the last five years. Through interviews, this study pays particular attention to a quality of prenatal care services by focusing on women’s experiences in seeking for such services. The findings suggest that most participants had access to standardized prenatal care services but faced two challenges: long wait time and short doctor-patient interaction time. These challenges stem from overcrowded hospitals. The findings also illuminate power and information asymmetry between doctors and patients. Women leverage social networks with friends, colleagues, and former classmates to fill in the gap of short doctor-patient interaction by obtaining relevant information about pregnancy and prenatal care services. The analyses of interviews and a social networking site also suggest that online social networks play a similar role to fill in the informational gap. Still, social networks remain a coping mechanism rather than a fundamental solution to the systemic issues within the public health system.
Open Access
The Asian NII Experience
(INET, 1997) Lovelock, Peter; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
In this paper I look at what these new polices have meant for the provision of Internet access in the region and, specifically, what the relation is between the NII programs and Internet policies of a number of selected Asian countries: China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and India. The first section of the paper sets out the NII policy focus and the distinctive nature of the Asian development agenda. The second section looks briefly at the role of the Internet as a part of the overall NII program. The third section of the paper contrasts the NII and Internet programs of selected Asian countries.
Open Access
Sustainable Collaborative Efforts in Internet Development in Asia: A13 Phase II
(INET, 1997) Yamaguchi, Suguru; Izumiyama, Hidetaka; Murai, Jun; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The AI3 (Asian Internet Interconnection Initiatives) Project started in 1995 as an R&D project for the Internet research community in Asia. The project installed its testbed network in Indonesia, Hong Kong, and Thailand in 1996. On this network, several research activities and experiments, such as the WWW cache mechanism using a new management scheme, the distant learning system called "Virtual University" over the Internet, and video multicasting over this infrastructure using IP multicasting, were undertaken with AI3 research partners. In 1997, we are going to expand this effort to four or five more countries using a new datalink technology: TDM multichannel access with C band satellite links. In this system, we assign a single transponder (30 megabytes per second [Mbps] total) for traffic between a hub station in Japan and AI3 regional stations in partner's countries. We are developing a new interface hardware to manage this "fat pipe" in a TDM manner. Using this mechanism, we can handle unbalanced traffic over international Internet links more effectively. In this paper, we report several results from the ongoing research project on the AI3 testbed and introduce a new approach, called "AI3 phase II," to expand its efforts to more countries.
Open Access
Regional Integration of Central American Countries and Opportunities for Internetworking
(INET, 1997) Calvo-Drago, Jorge D.; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The Central American countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Belize) have recently decided to go into a process of political, economic, social, cultural, and ecological integration through a Central American Integration System. Some of the challenges that the integration faces include the strengthening of the decision making process, and this paper particularly discusses decision follow-up and coordination, national implementation of regional agreements, social communication and participation of civil society, and external and cooperation relations and their respective opportunities for Internetworking.
Open Access
Networking Latin America and the Caribbean: Creating Alternatives
(INET, 1993) Rodriguez, Luis German; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
There is an ongoing process of integration of academic networks in Latin American and Caribbean countries. This papers analyzes how different factors have shaped this process and explains the main conclusions of a recent meeting in Guadalajara, Mexico (November 1992). This process has gone through several stages of maturity for over four years and it can be said that it has not followed patterns of development observed in other regions of the world. The evolution of the effort for connecting and organizing the networks of the region is seen through the results of the different meetings where their actors and promoters have confronted their goals against the facts that condition them. There have been five regional meetings devoted to this goal (from San Jose, Costa Rica, in 1989 to Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1992). The stages can be associated with several factors, one of them is the development of the national initiatives; some countries have more than one network pretending to cover the academic community and in many cases these initiatives have conflicts among them. Another factor is the support of that these initiatives have from their national councils for science and technology; some are officially backed by their governments while others are still fighting to be recognized or at least to be considered as a helpful tool for the academic sector. The participation of organizations external to the region and interested on promoting the integration process (Organization of American States, FUNDESCO, National Science Foundation, UNESCO, UNDP, etc.) has also played a decisive role in it. The initiatives of the region led to the decision, at the last meeting of academic networks for Latin America and the Caribbean, to create an open forum devoted to monitoring the process. The evaluation will be done during the annual gathering. The achievement of the defined goals will be checked against the development of specific tasks associated with the established strategies.
Open Access
ITU Telecommunication Indicators Update: International Internet Bandwith in Asia-Pacific
(International Telecommunication Union, 2002) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The Asia-Pacific region is witnessing an explosion of international Internet bandwidth. Capacity on Internet links connecting Asia-Pacific to the world have skyrocketed more than eightfold over the last two years from 8 to 65 gigabits (Gbit/s) by the end of 2001.1 International Internet capacity in the region now far exceeds conventional telephone capacity (see Figure 1).
Open Access
Information Technology in Africa: A Proactive Approach and the Prospects of Leapfrogging Decades in the Development Process
(INET, 1997) Kwankam, S. Yunkap; Ningo, N. Ntomambang; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This paper examines perspectives for the growth of information technology (IT) in Africa. The central thesis is that, as in other development sectors, technological solutions are more readily available than the political will to implement them. Policy aspects of IT therefore need to be addressed, in terms of formulation, dissemination, and implementation. In the absence of clear and enforceable policy, the African information industry is likely to evolve in a haphazard manner in reaction to uncoordinated external motives, thus allowing improper practices that would impair the growth of enthusiasm for IT. One strategy proposed is to concentrate IT development in priority sectors identified by governments themselves, such as education, health, and the environment, thereby opening new vistas of application. Examples are given of how this can be done. Another strategy is to pursue IT at the regional level with strong interagency collaboration, given the interdisciplinary nature of the technology. This would have two positive outcomes. It would contribute to bringing down the barriers that currently circumscribe countries into fairly closed information entities. Second, it would exploit the bandwagon effect, which has worked successfully in the health sector, to commit African governments to IT development programs. Such development should take a long-term view and reach for the cutting edge of technology, for which some institutional capacity already exists. The continent could thus leapfrog decades in the development of IT and provide an empowering environment for development in other sectors.
Open Access
Comparative Study: School Networks in Latin America
(INET, 1999) Dunayevich, Julian; Mayer, Jorge; D'Eramo, Romina; Vidal, Arnoldo; Guerra, Victor; Pisanty, Alejandro; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Several Latin American and Caribbean countries have made progress in designing and implementing school network projects at a national level. These projects have been undertaken as part of an educational system modernization process. These ongoing projects are related to new trends in communications and information technology in the field of education. This paper will analyze the various national experiences. Its main points are the following: - Different types and approaches of the several national projects; definition and scope of universe and of basic strategies; goals; adaptation modes between the project and the type of educational system; network extension programs; and interpreting these policies in terms of making up for inequality. - Network engineering models; existence or lack of a central backbone; types of telecommunication technologies; supplying equipment; scope of service; and accessibility to rural zones and those difficult to access. - Program administration policies; financing; participation of private sector; agencies for project management; management, technical, professional, and educational teams; budget makeup and administration; and studies on the regulatory framework of each country. - Pedagogic models; teacher training; developing educational programs; educational TV experiences and multimedia resources; and adapting such resources to classroom and school. - Development of national experiences; degree of implementation; evaluation systems used in carrying out and achieving goals; and indicators of the impact of the policies on the educational process and on the region. Project reports as well as statistical and technical reports will be used for this paper.
Open Access
Case Studies on Development of the Internet in Latin America and the Caribbean
(Organization of American States, 2000) Hahn, Saul; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Through the Hemisphere Wide Inter-University Scientific and Technological Information Network (RedHUCyT) project, the Organization of American States (OAS) helped local initiatives in the member states in either the creation or expansion of networks in their countries. Through the years, RedHUCyT (http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/) became a major contributing force for the development of the Internet in Latin America and the Caribbean region. It collaborated and coordinated with academic institutions, governments, phone companies (PTT) and the private sector to create many of the first Internet points of presence (POPs) in this region. Essential to these developments were the local network managers and officers at participant institutions, and their dedicated teams of experts, who made these projects possible.
Open Access
Brief History of the Internet
(Internet Society, 1997) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon; Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G.; Wolff, Stephen
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities.
Open Access
Report identifying issues related to the geographic coverage of European research and education networking
(Information Society Technologies, 2003-11-28) Bonac, Marko; Martin, John; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
The topic of this report is the current state of research and education networking in wider Europe. It focuses on geographic variations and in particular on the digital divide between the most developed and least developed National Research and Education Networks (NRENs). A major part of this report is based on a comprehensive survey of NRENs in "Neighboring Countries" carried out in spring 2003. The geographic coverage of this report is the "Neighboring Countries" of the European Economic Area, which for the purposes of this report are defined as the ten countries (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) that plan to join the European Union on 1 May 2004 and eight other European countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and Turkey). The concepts of equal opportunities for researchers and of the digital divide are central to this study. Equal opportunity is the goal, but we have found that in Europe today there is a significant digital divide and that there is a real risk of "research exclusion". Research network provision - The survey reviewed the current standard of research network provision in the Neighboring Countries. There is a great variation between countries. Several accession states have research networks of a high standard. Elsewhere there are some countries with no effective research network at all. Most lie somewhere in between. It should be emphasized that no country is entirely free of problems and, equally, there are none without some positive aspects. Overall, fourteen of the eighteen countries reported major problems either at the international, national or LAN level. From the detailed responses it is clear that the lack of low-cost high-speed lines is seen as the major obstacle to improving research network provision. This is due to a lack of competition and the continuing dominance of the (ex-)monopoly telecommunications operators. The situation is similar to that in EU countries ten years ago. However, some of the fourteen countries have succeeded in taking the opportunity to acquire dark fibre and this has enabled them to leapfrog and rapidly develop quite an advanced network. Those who have not succeeded yet in doing this lag behind, especially in the development of their backbone capacity. Some conclusions derived from this study - Firstly, the digital divide exists in research networking in Europe and to such a level that, if uncorrected, will prevent the goal of equal opportunities for researchers being attained. Secondly, in the countries most affected by the digital divide the case for effective government support for research networking still needs to be made. This is an area where the European Commission, national governments, TERENA and the NREN community all need to play their part. Thirdly, looking to the future, we conclude that research exclusion is a real risk in most of the Neighboring Countries and that this will obstruct attempts to build the European Research Area. Many national governments are aware of the risks of information exclusion and recognize the need to follow the lead of eEurope in building an Information Society. Far fewer perceive the dangers posed by the digital divide in research networking and the need to close this gap. Proposed steps to achieve equal opportunities for research and education - First, we do see an opportunity to make major strides towards diminishing the digital divide. If an NREN can get access to dark fibre, then it can, within the same budget, immediately upgrade the network capacity by as much as a factor of 100. In a monopoly situation it is not easy to get access to dark fibre; however, we have found examples where this has been done successfully. Secondly, there is wealth of testimony to the fact that participation in joint projects has been helpful to the NRENs in Neighboring Countries. These are joint projects with other NRENs from all parts of Europe that often, but not always, have been supported by EU funding. This should be continued and extended to cover the new countries. For these countries, a small amount of funding could make a large difference. Finally, the survey shows that the European Union has already proved to be very influential in persuading governments in Neighboring Countries that are accession states or aspire to EU membership to commit to the Information Society. Therefore the EU could be equally persuasive in showing the importance of research networking. Specifically, the EU should help drive the further liberalization of telecommunications and in particular help to persuade national governments that NRENs should get access to dark fibre. The EU could also support the investments in research and education infrastructure inside accession countries through other measures (e.g. Structural Funds).
Open Access
Review of Developments in Latin America: CAESAR
(Information Society Technologies, 2002-06-30) Stover, Cathrin; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
This document reviews the situation of the national research networks or related organizations in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Open Access
ICFA Digital Divide Update on US-Latin American Networking: CHEPREO, WHREN and LILA
(Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), 2004-08-04) Alvarez, Heidi; Ibarra, Julio; The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), University of Oregon
Since our last update, we would like to bring the committee up to date on activities between the US and Brazil under the auspices of the Center for High Energy Physics Research and Educational Outreach (CHEPREO1), including the link between Miami and Sao Paulo, the Sao Paulo cluster, the outlook map for the Brazilian GIGA project. Additionally, we will report on (1) developing synergies between CHEPREO and the UltraLight program; (2) a network monitoring research grant from CISCO; (3) a proposal for a Western Hemisphere Research and Education Networking (WHREN) governance structure and Links Interconnecting Latin America (LILA), in response to the National Science Foundation International Research Network Connections (IRNC) program; and (4) a grant from the National Science Foundation to conduct a 1-week Pan-American Advanced Studies Institute (PASI) on Grid Computing and Advanced Networking Technologies for e-Science High-Energy Physics and Astronomy.
Open Access
Subfossil chironomid calibration data set from the Intermountain West
(Cambridge University Press, 2014) Baig, Jamila; Gavin, Daniel G.; Porinchu, David
Subfossil chironomid (non-biting midges) head capsules are ubiquitous and well preserved in lake sediment. Because many of these taxa are stenothermal with respect to summer air temperature (when larvae develop), species assemblages preserved in lake sediment records may be used to reconstruct air temperature. However, such reconstructions requires a calibration data set derived from surface sediments from a network of lakes. Haskett and Porinchu (2014) developed a 91-lake database of fossil chironomids which has not yet been publically archived. As part of a study of reconstructing air temperature at Gold Lake (Oregon) over the Holocene, Baig et al. (in press) utilized this dataset. In using the dataset, site locations and elevations were corrected at some sites. These corrections were used to develop updated estimates of mean July air temperature (MJAT) at each lake using downscale-adjusted (using local lapse rates) estimates from PRISM climate grids using the ClimateWNA software (Wang et al. 2016). Haskett, D. R., and D. F. Porinchu. 2014. A quantitative midge-based reconstruction of mean July air temperature from a high-elevation site in central Colorado, USA, for MIS 6 and 5. Quaternary Research 82:580–591. Baig, J., D. G. Gavin, I. R. Walker, and D. F. Porinchu. (n.d.). Chironomid-inferred postglacial temperature reconstruction from Gold Lake, Oregon, USA. Quaternary Research in press. PRISM Climate Group., 2020. PRISM Climate Group. Oregon State University. http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/ Wang, T., A. Hamann, D. Spittlehouse, and C. Carroll. 2016. Locally downscaled and spatially customizable climate data for historical and future periods for North America. PLOS ONE 11:e0156720.
Open Access
Lori Robare: Tribute in honor of her retirement
(Nelson Poynter Memorial Library, 2024-04-18) Hixson, Carol G.
Originally published as a blog posting on April 18, 2024 in honor of Lori Robare's retirement from the University of Oregon Libraries.
Open Access
Novel analysis of locality data can inform better inventory and monitoring practices for paleontological resources at John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Oregon, USA
(Palaeontologia Electronica, 2020-04) Famoso, Nicholas; Kort, Anne E.
We evaluated the current inventory and monitoring practices at John Day Fossil Beds National Monument (JODA) with an analysis of fossil yield based on locality data. While JODA covers a range of fossiliferous Cenozoic rock, most paleontological fieldwork conducted by the park staff occurs in the highly fossiliferous Oligocene Turtle Cove Member of the John Day Formation. To optimize the number of fossils collected, JODA established a schedule that cycled fieldwork every four years between the five most fossiliferous areas of the park. We digitized over 1000 field collections from 1999- 2019 to evaluate whether the four-year return interval allowed enough time for new fossils to be exposed through erosion in an area between visits as intended by the schedule. We found no significant difference in fossil yield between areas that had not been visited for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5+ years. Based on these results, we infer that the claystones of the Turtle Cove Member are erodible and fossiliferous enough that one winter of erosion will expose enough fossils to fully “recharge” an area that had been thoroughly inventoried the previous year. Because of limited staff and high fossil yield, not every fossil will be collected. Therefore, we use this analysis to shift JODA’s paleontological inventory and monitoring practices away from a rigid schedule and propose a flexible new system. The paleontology staff will use a tracker geodatabase of locality data from past years to set priorities each year based on past collection and current available staff and space.
Open Access
The politics of indigeneity: decolonizing historical memory and education in Colombia
(Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 2024-02) Cortes, Diego
This article explores how the Misak (Guambianos) from the Colombian southwest are revitalising their collective memory and militant politics in a nation that has historically prioritised its Spanish heritage. Through the analysis of twenty-month collaborative research conducted by three Misak University (MU) students and the article’s author (a non-Indigenous Colombian affiliated with a university from the Global North), the article claims that political engagement results from this community’s autonomous educational institutions and pedagogical practices. The MU is one of these Misak autonomous efforts engaging with non-traditional pedagogies, such as caminar el territorio, to promote a ‘militant indigenous identity’ committed to their cultural differentiation. These educational practices evolved from other methods for memory reproduction embraced by the Misak since colonial times. As the tearing down of the statues of Spanish conquistadores in 2020 shows, the Misak’s educational efforts have cultivated a new indigenous generation that seeks to make a political and cultural impact beyond their territory.
Open Access
The Quest for Indigenous Autonomy: Communication Media, Internal Conflicts, and Policy Reform in Colombia
(Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 2021) Cortes, Diego
In 2013, the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC) and the national government signed Agreement No. 547, which commissioned to the five main national indigenous organizations of the country the drafting of a bill to propel the strengthening of the indigenous media in Colombia. This political reform would represent a significant advance in the democratization of the historically monopolized and exclusive Colombian media landscape, thus fulfilling one of the mandates of the 1991 Colombian multicultural Constitution. However, due to internal conflicts within the indigenous leadership, these five organizations failed to present any bill to the Congress of the Republic of Colombia, wasting this historic opportunity. Based on this case, the discussion on "radical" Zapatista autonomy, and the concept of "indigenous utopias" proposed by Rappaport (2005) (rather than impossible dreams, objectives to strive for), this article argues that a robust autonomous indigenous governance depends on the constant search for a "utopian balance" between legal protections ( centripetal forces) and de facto practices (centrifugal actions). [territorial autonomy, neoliberal state co-optation, indigenous media producers, de facto autonomous practices]
Open Access
Book Review: Trafficking: Narcoculture in Mexico and the United States.
(Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 2020) Cortes, Diego
Héctor Amaya’s Trafficking illustrates the new forms of publicness in popular music, traditional U.S. newspapers, and digital bloggers resulting from the spike of criminal violence in Mexico since 2006. This wave of violence began when former president Felipe Calderon (2006–2012) intensified the war on drugs. A native of Sinaloa, one of the worst affected Mexican states for cartel actions, Amaya provides a theoretical contribution to understanding the phenomenon of criminal violence without presenting law-and-order normative solutions as First World social scientists typically do. He explains this avoidance as a political response to the historical role of normative “solutions” that tend to validate colonialist and neoimperialist agendas and, rather than resolve anything, foster dispossession and dislocation in the Third World.
Open Access
Book Review: Guerrilla marketing counterinsurgency and capitalism in Colombia by A. L. Fattal, University of Chicago Press, 2018
(Communication Review, 2020-07) Cortes, Diego
Every year, scholars add a significant quantity of academic production to the already long list of publications on the Colombian conflict. For this reason, the media anthropologist Alexander Fattal, author of Guerrilla Marketing: Counterinsurgency and Capitalism in Colombia, started his book’s introduction discussing his initial doubts about embracing another academic project on the political violence of that nation. The complexities he found at first glance around the Program for Humanitarian Attention to Demobilized, or PAHD, persuaded Fattal to pursue this academic project, resulting in the publication of one of the most awarded scholarships in the areas of Anthropology, Latin American Studies and Media Studies in 2018.

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